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Tuesday, January 28, 2014

What is Firmware?


In 1967, Ascher Opler invented the term "firmware". Its original meaning referred to the contents of a writable control store which contained a microcode in the computers instruction set. In other words, it was a type of specialized high speed memory with microcode that could be modified with special instructions for the CPU to execute. Firmware was originally differentiated from hardware, which was the CPU itself, and software, which were essentially instructions that executed on the CPU. In contrast, firmware was lower-level microcode that was used to implement machine instructions. One could describe firmware as the boundary between hardware and software. In later decades, the meaning of the term firmware was extended to anything that was ROM-resident, or read-only memory. ROM is a storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Firmware could now refer to any of the following:

  •   Processor machine-instructions for BIOS

  • Bootstrap loaders

  • Specialized applications
In the past, updating firmware usually involves replacing the storage medium that contains the firmware, which was almost always a socketed ROM. Flash memory allows firmware to be updated without physically removing an integrated circuit from the system. Any errors made during the upgrade system ran the risk of making the device non-functional. Up until the invention of integrated circuits, firmware products used discrete semiconductor diode matrices. Technology has improved from the initial firmware products, but the basic functionality still remains the same. Firmware is still held in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory. Firmware is rarely ever changed. In fact, many firmware memory devices are permanently installed and manufactured to not allow any changes to be made. It can, however, be updated if for example, bugs need to be fixed or features need to be added to the device. This usually requires changing ROM integrated circuits and reprogramming it altogether.
Firmware - A Must Component in Many Devices:
Nowadays, you will find many examples of devices containing firmware:
  • Traffic lights

  • Consumer appliances

  • Digital watches

  • Computers

  • Computer peripherals

  • Mobile phones

  • Digital cameras

  • Automobiles

  • Portable music players
Choose the New Firmware Parts from Leading Manufacturers:
If you require new firmware parts, it can be found at any of the following manufacturers:
  • 3Com

  • Adtran

  • Alcatel Lucent

  • Apple

  • Avaya

  • Axiom Memory Solutions

  • Cisco Memory

  • Compaq

  • DELL

  • Diamond Multimedia

  • Digital Equipment Corporation

  • EMC Corporation

  • Enterasys

  • Epson

  • Fargo HID Global

  • Fortinet

  • HITACHI Electronics

  • HP

  • IBM

  • Intermec

  • International Rectifier

  • Juniper Networks

  • Lenovo

  • Lexmark

  • Netapp
    Nortel Networks

  • OKI Electric Industry

  • Output Technology

  • Printek

  • Printronix

  • QMS Memory

  • Quantum

  • Sony Electronics

  • Standard Register

  • SUN Memory

  • Tally Genicom

  • Texas Instruments

  • Transcend

  • Unisys

  • Western Digital
In this modern day and age, firmware components are considered to be just as important as the operating system of a computer itself. In addition, firmware can be found in various other consumer products as well. For example, the timing and control systems of washing machines use firmware as well as the controlling sound and video attributes and the channel list in modern TVs. As of 2010, most portable music players support firmware upgrades.
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Monday, January 20, 2014

Effectual Online Service

Nowadays many users prefer online shopping and they also want get benefit. There is little possibility of these things. There an extremely advantageous service is available for people and this perfect for people. Nowadays several people are watching for sell their old things and they want money for their old things after selling. Many people need this facility and they can get benefit as same facility from our online shop. On our online store we provide flip4new Gutscheins service and other extra opportunity for our users. This is effectual approach for every people
and reliable way to convert your old thing into money.


There few are shops are providing service like this, but they didn't provide any offer. There are also many online facilities are available on our online store. Every user can use it to buy and sell old things. flip4new Gutschein is best service of our shop and effective for every users. Using this facility they can get many things like electronic items, technical products and many things for use. Today every online store is not providing facility like it. Which user wants to sell their old and unused thing then they can help of our service. They can sell their things online very easily.
Online service is an effective service and it is easily avail on internet. Basically in online shopping having lots of benefits for users and they can get benefit from our site. Internet makes everything easy for users. They can select their choice simply and find other usable things. Flip4new Gutschein is also a best and attractive service for our users and they can find profit by using it. Usually people can sell here their old items like DVD players, CD players, television and other electronic things.
This is also better approach because user may also purchase many things from this shop. On our online store all things and products are available. Basically in our products electronic items, T.V., computer, laptop, mobile and many things are available. With suing flip4new Gutschein service user can find offer and discount on these products. This is best and efficient coupon service and it is available for every user. People can search here any product with using our service and on our online store another extra opportunity for people. Now any user can also know about products quality and its price before purchase. This is best approach and facility for users and this service effective for each user.
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Backup Data On Your Laptop

 If you were to look at past statistics regarding the information that has been lost in regards to laptop computers, you would find yourself amazed.  Even though this information can be astounding, many of us still don’t take the time to back up the information on our laptops.


To put it in simple terms, nothing in the computer industry is fool proof.  Hard drives can crash, the laptop can get stolen, or it can even be dropped and rendered useless.  To ensure that we are never left without our precious data, we should always create a backup of our information.

There is no mistaken the fact that over a million laptops have been stolen over the years in the United States alone.  Anytime a laptop is stolen, chances are that it won’t be recovered.  If the information wasn’t backed up, then the owner will be left with no laptop - but more importantly - no backed up data either.

Just like you can with desktop computers, you can also create a backup of the data on your laptop as well.  You can use online services, back it up remotely, or use several other methods to ensure that you keep all of your data.  Preserving your data is something you should really look into, especially if you have business material on your laptop.

The best way to go about backing up your data and files is to burn them to a data CD.  Data CDs can hold up to 700 MB (Mega Bytes) of data, which means a lot of files.  To back things up this way, all you need is a CD/RW burner in your laptop, which most of the newer ones come with.

The only drawback to laptops is the fact that they don’t offer near as much storage or security measures as a desktop PC.  Desktop computers have a lot more power, and they can also do things (including backups) in a fraction of the time.

The laptop computer was designed for on the go use, which is the main reason why people don’t really think about backing up their data.  When the thought finally does come to mind, it is normally too late to do anything about it.

As mentioned above, the easiest and quickest way to backup your laptop data is to use an online backup service.  Depending on your connection to the Internet, it can take anywhere from several minutes to several hours.  Although it may take you a little bit of time, you’ll have the satisfaction in knowing that your data is there if something should happen.

Whether it’s for your business or personal use, you can’t go wrong backing up your data.  You should always create a backup of your data at least once a month, even more than that if you have a lot of important information that you add to your laptop on a frequent basis.

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Sunday, January 19, 2014

what is open source ?

Open Source Software

If you've spent any lengthy amount of time on the Internet, you've probably heard of open source software but might not have fully understood what it is and why it even exists.  This article will describe this recent phenomenon and describe some of its benefits for the software using community.

In a nutshell, open source software is software made by everyone - for everyone. The hopes behind its development is that through its open access, it will evolve into something that represents the true desires of computer users. Through a wide network of user involvement, the software in question is enhanced and debugged without costs or administrative politics.

Traditionally, software is developed behind closed doors. A team of professional coders build it but the community at large isn't part of its conception. It's costly to produce and as you can probably guess, that cost is passed on to the end user: the consumer. Open source software on the other hand is free. Free to download, free to install, free to use, free to modify, and free to share.

Started over twenty years ago, it's a phenomenon that is gaining in both popularity and exposure. In its first conception, open source gave birth to the World Wide Web as we know it today. The Internet as a whole is the result of free permission to access the web, use the web, contribute to the web, and share the web with others. But it certainly hasn't stopped there. In the not too distant past, Netscape converted its once commercial version of its Navigator web browser to open source. And today, open source is venturing into the commercial realm as well.

At first thought, the idea of open source may sound just plain crazy to those who earn a living from software development. But the facts point to a different prediction. Open source software puts companies in a terrific position to re-brand and re-position themselves in a market that they may have not been able to reach before. In the business world, open source is all about image and when consumers witness corporations contributing (instead of selling) to the buying public, they gain big favor in the eyes of their users (plus tremendous opportunities to sell other items).

Inviting the public inside a product's development builds community and trust. It also sets the platform for increased reliability. Fans of open source programs are adamant about reliable software and highly criticize commercialized versions for being buggy and error-prone. Avid fans even proclaim commercialism is the cause of shoddy software.

Another benefit that open source brings to light is the speed at which its products are developed, enhanced, supported and distributed. This is because the people who regularly contribute to an open source product do so for unmotivated reasons (other than perhaps to feed the ego.) They're highly talented, they're available, and they care. Bringing money into any project can almost mean instant death. It can kill motivation, desire, and a true willingness to create a good product. In a commercial setting, participants work for a paycheck rather than for the product. And this is what puts open source projects far ahead of its monetized competition.

As a software user, this means you can contribute to an open source project as well, and help to develop it into a product that reflects your direct preferences. You aren't "stuck" using open source software the way you would be stuck using an expensive word processor or database. You have the same access to open source software as its programmers have and in essence, you are your own customer!

Perhaps at this point you're wondering where you can get in on this wonderful opportunity. There are plenty of open source opportunities sprinkled across the Internet and they can be easily found though any search engine. Google "open source project" and you'll be sure to find more resources than you can shake a stick at!

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computer virus


What They Are And One Reason Why People Make Them

Over recent years, computers have become synonymous with viruses and viruses don't show any signs of disappearing any time soon. In recent news, LiveScience.com reported that "Before the month is even done, April has set a record for virus e-mails."1 In the past, we would be comfortable in telling new computer users not to worry about viruses and that catching a computer virus is rare. Today, that would be some of the worst advice we could give anyone. As reported in countless news reports, computer viruses are rampant and they're extremely worrisome. This article will describe what viruses are and then point you in the direction of some rather unique protection and prevention.

In short, a computer virus is a software program designed to destroy or steal data. It attacks computers via distribution - often unknowingly - through email attachments, software downloads, and even some types of advanced web scripting. Viruses that destroy data are known as Trojan horses, viruses that explode their attacks are called bombs, and viruses that duplicate themselves are called worms. Some viruses are a combination of each, however they can be further identified according to where they're located on a computer.

A virus originating from the boot sector of a computer is a boot-sector virus and this nasty devil does its dirty work the moment a computer is turned on. A virus that attaches itself to (infects) other programs is a file virus and activates the moment that an infected program starts. File viruses may also be referred to as parasitic viruses, however should a virus work from both the boot-sector and from an infected program, the virus is then known as a multipartite virus.

Why viruses exist remains a mystery, however we had privy access to the mind behind a virus programmer who explained his motivation behind his destructive inclinations. Apparently, this person had a deep grudge against a popular online service which shall remain unnamed. In this hacker's mind, the online service failed to do a quality job in protecting children from online smut and as retaliation, he created and distributed a virus to as many file libraries of this service as he could. His intentions were to disable the computers of the online service's users so much that they wouldn't be able to connect for days. In his mind, the loss of connection meant loss of revenue for the online service.

Although the malicious code that this person generated may have worked for a small percentage of users, sufficed to say, the online service continued on and still exists today. Despite his motivation or intention, his efforts were null.

We wouldn't be surprised to learn if other motivations behind spreading viruses were similar to this person's, but that doesn't justify the damage that viruses do. Innocent people become pawns for the evil plans of others who've convinced themselves they're doing the "right" thing.

To protect a computer from getting a virus, or clean a virus from a computer system once infected requires the use of an antivirus utility. But may be something else we can do. Perhaps we could make an effort to educate the people who want put viruses into the public about ways to display dissatisfaction with a service or product that don't involve harming innocent parties. In doing so, we just might reduce the number of virus news stories and protect our own investments at the same time.
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